An Introduction to Loving Kindness Essays - Meditation, Self

An Introduction to Loving Kindness Essays - Meditation, Self An Introduction to Loving Kindness from Guided Meditation, Explorations and Healings Diagram for a reflection - one that advances the empathy of the heart. AN EXPLORATION OF THE HEART The act of investigating the psyche and that which lies past, starts and finishes with the heart. The initial phase in our freedom is the development of the heart's common empathy. Contemplation starts with the act of non-injury, a profound ability to end the enduring on the planet and in ourselves. In truth it might be difficult to be alive in a body without making torment different creatures and species, however our expectation can be to make as meager torment as could reasonably be expected and to utilize this life to support others. Non-injury is an aim, a rule for the brain from the idea of the heart. We eat. We love in befuddled habits. We outing and fall over perspectives. Furthermore, we become familiar with the specialty of equalization. [To bolster the changes, the heart recommends without getting forceful toward the mind.] We are figuring out how to live in a hallowed way. What is called for is neither power nor passive consent, yet a functioning support at the time. It is an opening to allow in mending. At the point when Mahatma Gandhi was gotten some information about the detached obstruction he was showing all over India, he answered, There is nothing latent in my opposition. It is simply peaceful. Gandhi's peacefulness is a handy methods toward a quiet psyche and world. Viciousness begins from the brain. Recuperating from the heart. So the heart its still little voice inside is taken as educator on the way of freedom. What's more, non-injury is its most evident quality. Non-injury ranges from self-absolution to the furthest limit of world craving. At the point when we start to rehearse non-injury, the making a decision about brain, which gets so exasperated with our attempting, isn't permitted its oppressiveness without a profound reaction from a kind mindfulness. Non-injury intends to treat othersand ourselvesas the subject of our heart rather than an item in our psyche. This isn't the judgment-actuating proclamation of the Ten Commandments. This is a guarantee to mending and cleansing a will toward clear activity. Likewise with Buddhist statutes, for example, non-slaughtering, non-taking, non-lying, non-sexual misconductnon-injury and sympathy are not divine guidelines cut in stone, however basically appearance in the psyche of the idea of the heart used to fortify soundness and equalization on the way. They are delicate updates, showing guides, along the sparkling way between what appear now and again glaring alternate extremes. This isn't oneself loathing ethical quality which turns the torment to my torment. It is fairly a feeling of the fitting which rises normally from levels of mindfulness more profound than our veils and posturings, more profound than the character, or even the procured self. Entering straightforwardly our basic being the core of the issue our characteristic goodness is show constantly. Clear activity makes room for more clear activities. Consideration quiets the brain. An Introduction to Loving Kindness ...By developing cherishing graciousness in that part of psyche that typically lives as an untimely idea, we change the setting of our reality. We start to live straightforwardly. We stir. The contemplation that follows utilizes the applied, word-arranged mindscape in maybe its most able way. It transforms an impediment into a partner. The distinction between getting thought in a kind mindfulness and being lost in believing is the contrast among freedom and subjugation. Adoring generosity extends the responsive while mellowing the receptive. Adoring benevolence isn't remarkable in its capacity to be developed. We can develop any psychological quality. The greater part of us have heightened our dread and outrage by holding so frequently to the substance of the psyche as being all we may be. Practice for sure culminates, and we have consummated our dread to a startling degree. Rehearsing jealousy or outrage develops the re-emerging of anger and hatred. Working on cherishing generosity empowers the repeat of leniency and mindfulness and the relinquishing the impediments to the heart the personal circumstance, the dread, the dissent, the judgment, which limit our immediate support in the riddle. In the obtained mind there coasts an idea bubble called me and an idea bubble called you, yet truly there is

Reducing and preventing obesity (through proper exercise, nutrition, Research Paper

Decreasing and forestalling weight (through legitimate exercise, sustenance, and way of life changes) - Research Paper Example Heftiness is a developing pestilence in the United States that influences 66% of the grown-up populace (American Obesity, n.d.). Not exclusively is it genuinely unappealing, however the wellbeing dangers engaged with corpulence ought to be everyone’s concern. Weight has been connected to cardiovascular sicknesses, Type 2 diabetes, and expanded grimness (Flegal, Carroll, Ogden and Curtin, 2010). The insights on heftiness in the course of recent decades have been faltering. Weight is preventable through legitimate sustenance, exercise, and way of life changes. Weight is delegated an incessant disease of extraordinary pertinence that proper government organizations have included it as one of its needs under the national motivation of Health People 2020. Sorted under ‘Nutrition and Weight Status’, the program’s objective was to â€Å"promote wellbeing and decrease constant illness chance through the utilization of energizing eating regimens and accomplishment and support of sound body weights† (Healthy People 2020, n.d., standard. 1). Characterizing corpulence requires understanding the significant component of utilizing the weight file as the system for calculation. The weight file â€Å"determines whether a person’s weight is proper for stature by partitioning the weight in kilograms by the tallness in meters squared† (Delaune and Ladner, 2006, 345). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has formally given separate meanings of weight to grown-ups and for youngsters and teenagers, indeed: â€Å"An grown-up who has a BMI somewhere in the range of 25 and 29.9 is viewed as overweight. A grown-up who has a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese† (CDC: Definition for Adults, 2010, standard. 2).... ory to weight, introducing the outcomes, preceding digging into the recommended intercessions to address the issue through appropriate nourishment, exercise and way of life changes. Degree and Nature of the Problem The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized stoutness as a worldwide issue. As per its official site, â€Å"once considered an issue just in high pay nations, overweight and weight are presently drastically on the ascent in low-and center salary nations, especially in urban settings† (WHO, 2011, standard. 1). Information and measurements gave by CDC show that in spite of the objectives distinguished under the Healthy People 2010 program to diminish the extent of grown-ups and youngsters who are hefty (CDC: Healthy People 2010, n.d.), the ongoing report uncovered that â€Å"in 2009, no state met the Healthy People 2010 corpulence focus of 10%, and oneself announced by and large pervasiveness of heftiness among U.S. grown-ups had expanded 1.1 rate focuses from 2007† (CDC: Vital Signs, 2010, 1). The disturbing result and the keeping expanding pattern have demonstrated the requirement for concentrated endeavors to concentrate on intercessions that would make a positive effect on forestalling and lessening weight. The WHO (2011) distributed applicable realities relevant to worldwide insights on heftiness and overweight, as refered to beneath: â€Å"1.5 billion grown-ups, 20 and more established, were overweight. Of these 1.5 billion overweight grown-ups, more than 200 million men and about 300 million ladies were corpulent. In general, more than one out of ten of the world’s grown-up populace was obese† (standard. 7) Despite the upsetting figures and measurements, WHO demonstrated that corpulence can be forestalled. Beside distinguishing changes in factors contributory to corpulence, lead offices, social work and medicinal services experts have explicitly point by point

Open House and Message Board COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Open House and Message Board COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This post is just a reminder to admitted applicants concerning two opportunities to gather more information about SIPA.   First, SIPA will be hosting an Open House on Tuesday, April 14th.   The Open House will start at 9:00 A.M. (we recommend an 8:30 A.M. arrival) and full instructions on how to register are available on the Welcome Page referenced in the admission letter.   The Open House is open to admitted students (we are unable to accommodate guests) and registration is required so please visit the Welcome Page for instructions should you be interested in attending. Second, this week we will provide admitted applicants with access to a Web based message board that will give admitted applicants the opportunity to interact with one another, and with current SIPA students via a digital forum.   Admitted applicants will be sent an announcement when the board goes live. 97% of admission decisions have been sent out and for those of you who have yet to hear, we appreciate your patience as we wrap up the final few details.

Environmental Management - 6326 Words

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT - 1 1) Relevance of Environmental Management course in Management curriculum. Environmental management course is very much required in the B-school curriculum. Environmental management can be so important because our environment gives a part of what we are whether our culture are dirty people or clean, it is also nice to live in a nice, clean place which is not polluted. It is also important to get people live in that place if a certain city, country is polluted no one will think of living there and visitors will have a negative point of view on that place. Environmental management is not, as the phrase could suggest the management of the environment as such, but rather the management of†¦show more content†¦With this development there is an increasing need for specialists in this field, for technologists in other areas to be able to put into practice environmental applications, for assessors of the environmental impacts of specific technological developments and for general managers with a knowledge and understanding of environmental management . Thus, there is now an increasing need for environmental education and training in clean production to be applied to a vast array of industrial processes and applications. Managers need to learn environmental management in order to be aware of the hazards that are created by the various industries. Managers need to be aware of their surroundings so that they can make environment friendly products in order to sustain in the market. It is very essential for managers to know about our environmental conditions especially now when the world is at a danger of global warming. Managers can collectively help our earth get over the harmful effects or prolong the harmful effects thus making our lives considerably safer. 3) Why Copenhagen submits acquired so much importance? The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, commonly known as the Copenhagen Summit, was held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 7 December and 18 December. The conference was preceded by the Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions scientific conference, which took place in MarchShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Sustainability And Environmental Management Strategies Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesOver the centuries there has been countless researches into environmental issues that pose threat to the population, but remains unresolved due to the increasing global population. It can be argued that certain environmental management strategies have been adopted to minimise the environmental risk on the population growth which possibly could become a threat to the global village. Although, there are strategies to manage the environmental issues, a sector-wide approach is required from developed andRead MoreEnvironmental Impact Assessment ( Eia ) An d Environmental Management Systems Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesActivity 3.4 How EIA and EMS complement each other. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are seen to fit well together like a lock and a key. To understand this complementary between the two, one will evaluate both their characteristics. One well known example of an Environmental Management System is ISO 14001, the International Standard for environmental management systems (SABS ISO 14001:1996). This example will be used to compare and evaluate the linkRead MoreEssay On Environmental Management1345 Words   |  6 PagesThe development of an Environmental Management System in this project is essential for the improvement in environmental performance, excellence in operations, competence development, stakeholder’s relationship improvement, energy consumption reduction cost savings in the organization and a certified legal compliance. In addition, the above purpose is a vital tool learnt through this course. Hence, this assessment helped our group achieve the set objectives of the cou rse, in analysing the causeRead MoreEnvironmental Pollution And Natural Resource Management1248 Words   |  5 Pagesdiseases and many more environmental problems. As the result of this, a evolving of transboundary effects of environmental pollution and natural resource management, soil erosion environmental problem and degradation continues to happen as the result of global trade which is becoming the pillar of many of our environmental problems and such problem are no longer national problem but an international one. Due to this, international trade has had profound impact on environmental pollution, deforestationRead MoreHealth, Safety and Environmental Management752 Words   |  3 Pagesdeveloped which can address every operational situation that may be encountered. Thus no one may assume a safe operation will result by blindly following established guidelines. The best way to keep improvising the operational procedures and the HSE management in any company or industry is by providing world class training and various resources accessibility so that all the employees will master the knowledge to perform their work in a safe and environmentally sound manner. 1. Leadership and accountabilityRead MoreStrengths and the Weaknesses of Environmental Management System804 Words   |  3 Pagesbusinesses and government set to tighten regulation have urged environmental management. Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) are strategic management tools that outline the way an organization will address its impacts on the natural environment (Feng et al. 2014, 2901). One business main activities including day-to-day operations, long-term planning as well as other quality management systems have incorporate with environmental management function in an EMS (Australian Government Department of theRead Moreadvantages and disadvantages of environmental risk management1374 Words   |  6 Pagesdisadvantages of environmental risk management?   Advantages: 1. Better strategy of company. Through the environmental risk management, we are going to have a better understanding on the environment, which may make have a better decision making on company strategy. Usually, if we know a place which may suffer from earthquake or tsunami frequently, we may not build or open some department on that place in order to reduce risk. If we have better understand or information for environmental risk, weRead MoreEnvironmental Management Structure And Responsibilty2716 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Æ' Environmental Management Plan 1. Background †¢ 1.1 Introduction †¢ 1.2EMP context †¢ 1.3 EMP objectives †¢ 1.4 Environmental Policy 2. Environmental Management †¢ 2.1 Environmental Management Structure and Responsibilty †¢ 2.2 Approval and licensing Requirements †¢ 2.3 Reporting †¢ 2.4Environmental Training †¢ 2.5 Emergency Contacts and Response 3. Implementation †¢ 3.1 Risk Assesment †¢ 3.2 Environmental Management Activities and controls †¢ 3.3 Environmental manage Plans or Maps †¢ 3Read MoreImpact of Environmental Accounting on Management Accounting7424 Words   |  30 PagesUnited Kingdom (2006), Environmental Accounting can be defined as: â€Å"The collection, analysis and assessment of environmental and financial performance data obtained from business management information systems, environmental management and financial accounting systems. The taking of corrective management action to reduce environmental impacts and costs plus, where appropriate, the external reporting of the environmental and financial benefits in verified corporate environmental reports or publishedRead MoreThe Seven-Step Process of Environmental Risk Management with Negligence1249 Words   |  5 PagesThe Seven-Step Process of Environmental Risk Management with Negligence In reviewing the simulation one major tort violation identified was the claim of negligence by Alumina, Inc. As with any successful negligence case there are primary elements, which include proof that: 1) there was wrongdoing on the part of the defendant, or 2) the defendant failed to take reasonable steps to prevent harm to others (Thompson, p. 31). Like other environmental tort cases, EPA violations or state issued permits

Clara Barton Biography Essay - 1216 Words

Clara Barton Clara Barton, known as an American humanitarian, the â€Å"Angel of the Battlefield,† and known for being the American Red Cross founder accomplished many things during her life. Throughout her long commitment of service, Clara achieved honor as a teacher, battlefield nurse, lecturer, and founder of the American Red Cross. Through her many years of work, Clara made a huge impact on America that can still be felt at present times. Clara was born Clarissa Harlowe Barton on Christmas Day of 1821 in North Oxford, Massachusetts. Her father, Captain Stephen Barton, and mother, Sarah Barton, raised her on a farm along with her two brothers, David and Stephen, and two sisters, Dorothy, and Sally. Most of Clara’s†¦show more content†¦Clara, influenced by her sisters who were already teachers, began the first part of her career by becoming a teacher at age seventeen. She began teaching in Worcester County of Massachusetts and taught in various others schools for 6 years. Clara then realized she needed a change and decided to open up her own school. After running her own school for a few years Clara recognized that she needed more change and at age 29, Clara enrolled in an advanced school for female teachers in Clinton, New York. This addition to her education led her to a teaching position in New Jersey which opened the opportunity for her to open several free schools there in New Jersey. Her schools were very successful and students flocked to be a part of them. After much success in her teaching career, Clara finally ran into rejection when the school board refused her the position of heading the school she ha d founded and instead gave the job to a less qualified man. This greatly upset Clara and she again decided she needed a change, however this time the change was more dramatic. After recovering from the emotional effects of the events that occurred in New Jersey, Clara took a job in Washington D.C. as a copy clerk in the U.S. Patent Office. This job did not last long since at age 40, when the American Civil War broke out she felt the need to resign and become a volunteer for the Union. As a volunteer,Show MoreRelatedA Brief Biography of Clara Barton632 Words   |  3 Pagesfeed and nurse them,† Clara Barton once said. She was always quick to help others, and put their lives before her own. She wasn’t very talkative, but she was very generous. Barton was named â€Å"The Angel of The Battlefield† she got this name while she was considering having an escort and months after he has been her escort that’s what she got named. Clara would make sure she gave the soldiers the correct care they needed. Clara Barton changed the health for many. Barton benefited in changingRead MoreClara Barton: Founder of the Red Cross Essay2080 Words   |  9 Pagesstay. For I am one of them as well and by their side I will remain.† I wonder if Clara Barton spoke to herself in that very same way†¦Get your eyes ready to take a journey through the life of one of the great women who aided our soldiers; far back before we were born. Clarrisa Harlowe Barton, later known as Clara, was born on Christmas day in 1821. She was the fifth and youngest child of Sarah Stone and Stephen Barton in Oxford, Massachusetts. Her father was well known because of the local UniversalistRead MoreNursing And Public Health Nursing1537 Words   |  7 Pageshistorical nursing leaders include the following; Clara Barton, Lillian Wald, and Dame Agnes Gwendoline Hunt. These were three important individuals who made a difference when it came to nursing. Clara Barton was the President of the American Red Cross before she became President she was a nurse. According to History, â€Å"As the war ended, she helped locate thousands of missing soldiers, including identifying the dead at Andersonville prison in Georgia. Barton lobbied for U.S. recognition of the InternationalRead MoreThe Angel of the Battlefield1215 Words   |  5 PagesAngel of the Battlefield Clara Barton once said, I have an almost disregard of precedent and a faith in the possibility of something better. It irritates me to be told how things have always been doneÂ… I defy the tyranny of precedent. I cannot afford the luxury of a closed mind. I go for anything new that might improve the past (Lewis 1). Also known at the Angel of the Battlefield during the Civil War, Clara Barton is a great heroine for her many achievements such as: establishing a free publicRead MoreEssay about History of Nursing: Florence Nightingale1795 Words   |  8 Pagesthe stereotype of the nurses when she was asked to organize a group of nurses for the sick and injured soldiers of the Crimean War. Without hesitation, Nightingale looked at different types of religious orders and brought on thirty- four nurses (Biography Channel). Nothing could have been done to prepare Nightingale and her nurses for what they were about to experience. The hospital was a disgrace, patients laying in their own specimens and rodents and insects could be seen scurrying across the floorsRead MoreCommunication Theorists And Its Impact On Society Essay965 Words   |  4 Pagesreligious and new old by were scholars. Much of the historical work in psychology was concerned with the great man and great theories of experiment psychology and was often celebratory or ceremonial in nature (p.119) biographies provide failures, achievements can be known by reading biographies one can better know about them, by examining the condition around leaders of productive labs. Producing of knowledge Bordogna, Centor, Rutherford and Vidal exception induvial in historical psychology, their importanceRead MoreEssay on Lav inia L Dock2527 Words   |  11 Pagesthe 1888 yellow fever epidemic in Jacksonville, Florida. That following spring, many volunteers came which gave Lavinia a chance to move back to Pennsylvania. During her stay in Johnstown she was introduced to her soon to be long time friend Clara Barton who founded the American Red Cross. Many believe this friendship really jumpstarted her professional nursing career. Thirty-four years later, the two worked together to write The History of American Red Cross (Sklar, 2000). Later that yearRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 PagesChapter 20 Girding for War: The North and the South, 1861—1865 Balance of Power Quota Profiteer Elizabeth Blackwell martial law greenback Abraham Lincoln Succession ultimatum bond Jefferson Davis Fort Sumpter habeas corpus graft Clara Barton Confederacy 1. How did the Civil War change from a limited war to preserve the Union into a â€Å"total war† to abolish slavery? Explain (10pts) 2. Compare and contrast Northern advantages and Southern advantages by the onset of war between the Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesrequired—interaction between the colonial rulers and the local, colonized people in offices, shops, industries, and schools, although not as much in recreation. The results of this interaction were unpredictable. In addition to the social science literature, biographies, autobiographies, fiction, drama, and films are filled with the stories of indigenous people and colonial rulers who were transformed in one way or another through their interactions with the diverse residents and the institutions of the European

Information Privacy Free Essays

? MODULE 2: CASE Informational Privacy Without a doubt, we live in an environment where integrity, respect and good ethics play a fundamental role in the growth and success of many individuals and companies. Unfortunately, this was not the case for Patricia Dunn, former chairman of the Hewlett-Packard (HP) board of directors who was forced to resign her job. She was at the center of a major controversy regarding her effort to investigate who from the board was leaking confidential information to the press about HP’s interest in buying another technology company, their corporate strategy, business plans, even their deliberations over who they would hire as CEO. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Privacy or any similar topic only for you Order Now This was a major issue as, not only was sensitive discussions of the board made public in the media, the level of trust between each board member was greatly affected. In a 60 Minutes interview with Lesley Stahl and Patricia Dunn (CBS broadcast), â€Å"the Hewlett-Packard board of directors was described as a leaky ship. Secret board deliberations were ending up in the press left and right, and it was decided that something had to be done†. That something one can argue was the most famous leak investigation since Watergate, and because of it, Patricia Dunn (who was chairman of the HP board of directors) was faced with criminal charges. The charges stem from the use of something called pretexting – where someone calls up the phone companies and impersonate someone else in order to obtain their records. This technique is more than a simple lie as it most often involves some prior research or set up and the use of pieces of known information (for example, impersonation, date of birth, social security number -SSN) to establish legitimacy in the mind of the target. Pretexting, in my opinion, is morally wrong because it is deceitful and it invades the privacy of someone else regardless of how useful the act is in solving an investigation. Needless to say, privacy is a fundamental human right that almost every individual seeks to preserve. For the Hewlett-Packard case, board members privacy was in fact invaded but some may argue that such invasion was for a cause. According to the deontological school of thought, the act may be considered the right thing to do even if it produces a bad consequence (as with the forced resignation of Patricia Dunn). For deontologists, the ends or consequences of the actions are not important in and of themselves neither are the intentions. Only the act itself is considered important. Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, explain this theory of ethics more clearly. He argued that to act in the morally right way, people must act according to duty. That was the case with Patricia Dunn, she believed she had a duty to find out who was leaking sensitive details of discussions of the board to the press. In her 60 Minutes interview with Lesley Stahl, she stated that many directors expressed to her their strong opinion that something had to be done to determine the source of the leak and to bring them to an end. In fact, majority of the directors told her during her first few weeks as Chairman that, â€Å"next to leading the board’s CEO search, coming to grips with HP’s famously leaky board should be her top priority†. That was exaltly what Dunn did which was a major task in and of itself. Following on Kant’s argument, he claims, a person has a good will when he or she ‘acts out of respect for the moral law’. People ‘act out of respect for the moral law’ when they act in some way because they have a duty to do so. So, the only thing that is truly good in itself is a good will, and a good will is only good when the willer chooses to do something because it is that person’s duty. Thus, according to Kant, goodness depends on rightness. I think Patricia Dunn was simply doing her duty. Looking at the HP case in more detail, it is obvious that Patricia Dunn did not know the full agenda of the private investigators and what was involved in finding out who was the source of the leaks. Dunn says. â€Å"The idea that I supervised, orchestrated, approved all of the ways in which this investigation occurred is just a complete myth. It’s a falsehood. It’s a damaging lie. † She admit, however, seeking advice from Bob Wayman, HP’s then acting CEO , CFO and Director of Administration, on an affimative action to be taken on the problem of leaks in the company. He was well respected and trusted by many in the company so based on his integrity, she (Dunn) had every reason to rely on his recommendations as to how the security issues at the board level could best be handled given that all the control functions of the company were under his oversight. Mr Wayman referred her to an individual within his organisation who then referred her to Mr Delia (private investigator) who then took the extraordinary step of spying on the records of all the directors (including herself) as well as journalists. At some point during the investigation process in 2005, she (Dunn) became aware from Mr. Delia that phone records were accessed as a standard component of such investigations by HP. In an interview with NEWSWEEK, Dunn stated that she was aware HP was obtaining the phone records of suspected leakers as long ago as 2005. But she did not know about the pretexting until late June, when she saw an e-mail to Perkins from HP’s outside counsel, Larry Sonsini and later acknowledged that HP’s tactics were â€Å"appalling† and â€Å"embarrassing†. Essentially, the investigation went on and the leaker of the company’s sensitive discussions was identified. The public disclosure of the leaker at a board meeting did not ‘sit’ well with some members on the board as they thought it could have been dealth with differently without causing embarrasment for the leaker . This led to a lot of uphoar and Patricia Dunn was forced to resign. I think her forced resignation grew out of a personal dispute between her and Perkins ( who was also a well-known member of the board of directors and a close friend of the leaker) . To me, Patricia Dunn did what she had to do for the best interest of the company. Hence, she should not have been forced to resign. Reading a statement by Hewlett-Packard’s Board of Directors, â€Å"Pattie Dunn has been a valuable director of HP for many years. We acknowledge all of the good work that Pattie has accomplished on behalf of HP. She helped stabilized the business during the CEO transition. She led the search committee for our new chief executive officer, which led to our hiring of Mark Hurd and the outstanding performance of the business over the last eighteen months. She served our board with distinction as chairman for the last year and a half. The board felt it was important to find the sources of the leaks of HP confidential information, and she informed the board that she has taken steps to do so. We have never questioned her intentions, her integrity or her ethics.. we regret that we will lose her contributions to the board and appreciate that she has agree to our request†. It is evident that she had good character and was well repected. She accepted the resposibility to identify the sources of the leaks but she did not propose the specific methods of the investigation which means the premise on which she was forced to resign was not justified! How to cite Information Privacy, Papers

Recommendations for Higher Payment Auditors-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theRecommendations for Higher Payment for Auditors. Answer: Introduction Organizations rely on auditing for smooth running. The auditing procedure involves employment of both external and internal auditors. These auditors have specific tasks to carry pertaining the organization. The internal auditors are responsible for a number of tasks such as implementation of controls regarding development policies and internal financial reviews. On the other hand, external auditors are responsible for the validation of companies financial statement, and connecting the organization with foreign stake holders and investors (Arena, 2009). Compensation extended to auditors, both external and internal is mandatory and should be constantly reviewed for efficiency purposes. Higher payment for internal auditors. With respect to each auditors functions, need to vary their payments arise. Being a member of the organization's committee, I would recommend higher payment for the internal auditor. This is concerning the research that internal auditors play a much significant role than the external auditors (Ashbaugh-Skaife, 2007). Drawing illustrations from the functions performed by the internal auditors, it is clear that evaluating and monitoring the audit planning and giving a computerized control system, is a heavy and lengthy task. It requires a highly skill measure in ICT and planning. Comparing with the external auditing, it gives a clear recommendation for higher pay to the internal auditor. This is manifested by the fact that external auditors work on giving assurance of a financial statement from the internal auditors, hence giving a summary of the financial analysis to the outsiders. Referring from internal auditors functions, they engage in giving the management of organization improvement strategies on their operations with an intention to attain steady flow of money as a value to the organization To give these strategies, they engage in detailed research about these improvements and also engage physically in implementing them( Cohen, 2007). Comparing this activity with the external auditors function, of testing the given data to give an assurance, It shows that internal auditors are the key determinants of the final display of financial prowess of an organization thereby being recommended for higher pa y. Internal auditors provide consultation services to the management regarding internal and government risk associated with the companies function (Getie Mihret, 2007). For example, they advise the organization not to engage in highly taxed activities by the government and also reduce government experts consultations which result to their intervention in organizations. Internal auditors also identify and recommend on the internal risks that are likely to happen in the organization. (Liu, 2012). By following their orders, the organizations can evade financial losses regarding this emergency risks. Comparing this function with that of external auditors about the organization's environment, the research shows that external auditors do not provide ideas regarding the organization's operations rather they specialize in assessing the external client's environment( Goodwin?Stewart, 2006). By observing this, it is evident that the survival of the organization in the legal compliance genre is highly dependent on internal auditors. In addition to this, the remedy to the challenge of the risk associated with the organization's financial operations is found to be their function too. There by recommending higher pay for internal auditors. Internal auditors provide analysis and regular reports to the auditing committee and its management concerning their operations and monetary terms. These reports are an added aid to the organization and contain relevant advice concerning controls and implementation of the stipulated analysis. It is found to be an extra function since the internal auditors are specifically entailed to give monetary analysis. Referring to external auditing, they are found to specialize on external environment validating organizations financial statements. When a misleading financial statement is found, they engage third party sources such as bank and lenders to intervene and suit the clients information. Comparing this two functions, I would recommend higher pay for the internal auditors since they perform multiple roles when compared to external auditors (Gramling, 2006). For every success in business, there are bonus benefits which are celebrated. Research shows that these bonuses are as a result of strategies implemented by the internal auditors being the t primary consultants. In addition to this, the internal auditors form the managerial team in realizing the set goals of an organization, while the external auditors don't engage in joint ventures with the organization. They only specialize in external affairs concerning the organization. This gives a recommendation for higher payment of the internal audit (Hanim Fadzil, 2005). Internal auditors also engage in administrative activities. That is appointing new finance officers, setting a standard for office layouts and promoting the existing ones. This activity calls for a greater sacrifice for the internal auditors in that they multitask in the organization making sure that all procedures put in place are working according to the standard manner. When compared with the external auditors it can be seen that their engagement on organizations daily operations is higher (Hao, 2013). External auditors work in ensuring accounting information is in order and valid they hardly engage in daily operations of the organizations. I would, therefore, recommend higher pay to the internal auditors for the extra work they perform regardless of their specialization. When it comes to the question of internal staff health insurance, the internal auditors are factored in making sure that these health facilities are abundant to all staffs. This involves creating interfaces with external health insurance companies thereby creating another extra task to the internal auditors. They are highly faced with a lot of ambush from side to side needs of the running of the organization. For example, an annual financial report may be required the same time with the permit documents regarding purchase and delivery for goods. This calls for the auditing team to sacrifice for more time and even higher specialized workforce to meet all these demands. When we reflect on the work of external auditors towards this, they are only interested in verifying the credibility of this documents and preparing a financial statement (Sarens, 2006). Following the great amount of work imposed on internal auditors, I recommend higher payments for them. Conclusion Maintaining the interaction between the internal staffs the secretariat and the external auditors is the work imposed on internal auditors. They do this by preparing circulars and letters to this parties notifying them on progress and adjustments made. This creates accountability in the organization and enhances coordination between internal and external auditor since this is an extra task mandated to the internal auditors I recommend higher payments to them. The work of internal auditors outweighs that of external auditors and hence supporting a recommendation for higher pay. The auditing practice needs to be upheld to maintain efficiency, hence increase accuracy in organization financial statements. References Arena, M. . (2009). Identifying organizational drivers of internal audit effectiveness. International Journal of Auditing, 13(1), 43-60. Ashbaugh-Skaife, H. C. (2007). The discovery and reporting of internal control deficiencies prior to SOX-mandated audits. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 44(1), 166-192. Cohen, J. G. (2007). Auditor communications with the audit committee and the board of directors: Policy recommendations and opportunities for future research. Accounting Horizons, 21(2), 165-187. Getie Mihret, D. . (2007). Internal audit effectiveness: an Ethiopian public sector case study. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(5), 470-484. Goodwin?Stewart, J. . (2006). Relation between external audit fees, audit committee characteristics and internal audit. Accounting Finance, , 46(3), 387-404. Gramling, A. A. (2006). Internal auditing's role in ERM: as organizations lay their enterprise risk groundwork, many auditors are taking on management's oversight responsibilities, new research finds. finds. Internal Auditor, 63(2), 52-58. Hanim Fadzil, F. H. (2005) Internal auditing practices and internal control system. Managerial Auditing Journal, 20(8), 844-866. Hao, Z. L. (2013). The Research on the Improvement of Internal Control Quality Through the Enterprise Informatization. International Conference on the Modern Development of Humanities and Social Science, 67-453:67. Liu, J. (2012). The enterprise risk management and the risk oriented internal audit. iBusiness, 4(03), 287. Sarens, G. . (2006). Internal auditors' perception about their role in risk management: A comparison between US and Belgian companies. Managerial Auditing Journal, 21(1), 63-80.

ATCO Structures and Logistics Company

Early this year, ATCO Structures and Logistics Company announced that they were constructing a new business firm in Pocatello, Idaho. Located at Gateway West Industrial Centre, the company began its business operations on June 2012.The Company is part of ATCO companies, founded in the year 1947 by Ron Southern together with his father.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ATCO Structures and Logistics Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The group has vast businesses across the following five continents: North America, South America, Australia, Europe, and Asia. In Idaho, the new firm will not only meet the ever increasing demand for housing services, but will also hire several employees from and around the region to work on for the firm. ATCO Group Companies preferred to open their new business firm at Pocatello owing to its hospitable people, underserved market niche, wage rates, low competition and fair licensi ng rates. The company’s site leader asserted that the people in Idaho are easy to work with. Idaho’s residents are renowned for their strong work ethics and ability to work in challenging environments. According to the company’s marketing and communication manager, Pocatello’s ample space and service-oriented workforce lured the group to establish a firm in the region over other towns in Northern America. Equally, economists allege that the region’s favorable economic conditions were the main economic advantages the company considered before setting up their business in the region. Unlike the other neighboring states, Idaho State has cheap regular supply of electricity and reduced costs of operation. By setting up their business in the region, the company was geared towards being one of the leading housing and logistic service providers in North America. Through this, the company has achieved a cost–based competitive advantage over its rival s. With accessible management staff, diverse careers, and huge rewards, over its competitors in the region, the company has increased its operations over the last two months. Like the other group’s subsidiaries, the company values its employees by offering them with competitive pensions and promotions. By doing so, the company has not only remained competitive but also attracted and retained the best talents in the market. The company’s success over its competitors is attributed to its low cost of operation. The company’s low cost of operation ensures that the company directs more funds towards the production and creation of quality houses and services. The company plans to build modular buildings and mining industries’ structures across Canada and America.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By being situated in Idaho, the new firm will equally serve both countries, as the state is located at the border region. By doing so, the company has and will continue to be competitive in the region. Like other ATCO Group subsidiaries, the company has adopted comprehensive strategic initiatives towards increasing its revenues and ensuring that it remains competitive in the region. Since the company began its operations in Pocatello, it has created more than 180 new jobs in the region. According to the company’s human resource managers, the company will continue to create more jobs in the region as it expands. To ensure that the locals benefit from the presence of the company in the region, the company buys 90% of its manufacturing materials from the local companies. ATCO Group Companies have increased its revenues with the new expansions. Currently, the earnings generated from the company’s shares are worth $7 3million, up from $61 million last year. This essay on ATCO Structures and Logistics Company was written and submitted by user Cain Bradford to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Practical Proposal Addressing a Local Problem

A Practical Proposal Addressing a Local Problem The following is a paper on a practical proposal addressing a local problem. This paper is a summary of my research on the employees’ rights violation at the giant Wal-Mart retail stores.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Practical Proposal Addressing a Local Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper has information on how the rights of the employees have been violated (low salary, poor working conditions, employee discrimination and inadequate health care). Due to the employees’ violation at Wal-Mart, the information in the paper provides guidance on how workers can go about resolving their issue (by forming or joining trade unions). It goes in depth to explain how these unions work and finally gives a justification on the whole issue. Wal-Mart is the largest retail store in America and the world. The retail store is still spreading its dominance worldwide, starting in Asia where it has its st ores in over ten countries, Europe and South America. The giant retail store is still planning to expand its business dealings on an even wider scope in the near future. The giant store possesses incentives that are geared towards profit making, due to the recent recession though, the incentives tend to hurt its workers. With Wal-Mart’s effort to make a way into hypermarket cultures all over the world, lots of severe setbacks have come into play. What is more, low-wages, low benefits, employment discrimination, poor healthcare, anti-union policies, and bad working conditions have made Wal-Mart an evil business in the eyes of their employees. This paper will therefore concentrate on Wal-Mart’s employee violations, propose a solution to this and finally find a justification on the whole issue. â€Å"With about two million employees worldwide, Wal-Mart has faced a torrent of lawsuits and issues with regards to its workforce. These issues involve low wages, poor working c onditions, inadequate health care, employee discrimination, as well as issues involving the companys strong anti-union-policies† (Keil Lee 336).Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Criticism has pointed out to Wal-Marts soaring turnover rates as proof to a discontented labor force, even if other aspects may possibly be involved. A study has shown that, roughly seventy five percent of its workers leave inside one year with the firm. Wal-Mart’s full-time hourly associates receive, a standard, 10.11 dollars every hour; with 34 hours in a week, a worker gets 17,874 dollars in a year which is 20% lesser than an average retail employee. The firm is also accused of poor employee working conditions. This is evidenced by lawsuits against the firm asserting that workers are sometimes forced to work off the clock (where overtime pay is refuted), are denied lunch breaks or eve n stopped from taking rests. The best solution on the problems affecting Wal-Mart employees lies in the forming and joining of labor unions that will advocate for the workers’ rights. Labor unions and particularly in the United States are lawfully distinguished as representatives of employees and workers in various industries. â€Å"Activities by labor unions in the United States today centers on collective bargaining over wages, benefits, and working conditions for their membership, and on representing their members if by any chance the management attempts to violate contract provisions† (Zieger Gall 548). In this case therefore, forming and joining labor unions is the way forward as they will advocate policy implementation and legislations on behalf of the employees, despite the fact that wall mart has strong anti-union policies. With the union again, the workers will notably gain some equity and bargaining power, this comes about when violations against the workers have been experienced (Zieger Gall 548).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Practical Proposal Addressing a Local Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The union makes sure that the law is followed and that a contract term drafted by a single party, is intrinsically biased (the union makes sure the employees and the management are the stakeholders in contract drafting), â€Å"as a result the union brings the management and the workers as close as to equal as possible providing a legal counter weight to the management† (Zieger Gall 548). The employees are also responsible in electing their own representatives in the union who will air their grievances to the union in cases of employee violations, in order for the union to take corrective measures. As a justification for what the workers need to do, there is a tight regulation in the labor union on private-sector union membership by the NLRA (National Labo r Relations Act). This law is run by the National Labor Relations Board, a self-governing national organization, this union and others are controlled partially by federal government and partially by government laws. General they have displayed vigorous growth for pay, and workers conditions are put through negotiations with selected local and government officers. When joining a labor union, employees must either be granted voluntary acknowledgment from the employer or acquire majority employees in the bargaining-unit vote to be represented in a union; in both cases, the federal government is to endorse the union (Zieger Gall 548). â€Å"Once the union has won the support of a majority in the bargaining unit and is certified in a workplace, it has the sole authority to negotiate the conditions of employment;† (Zieger Gall 548) as shown by Zeiger gall (548) again, the management and the union together draft the stipulations and conditions of service in lawfully binding contr acts.Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When violations do occur in the workplace, majority contracts bring in other parties to take care of their differences, via a complaint procedure to see if the problem can be jointly resolved. â€Å"If the union and the employer still cannot settle the matter, either party can choose to send the dispute to arbitration, where the case is argued before a neutral third party† (Zieger Gall 548) A number of U.S. economists are trying to analyze whether Wal-Mart has a positive or negative impact particularly on the American economy. The major irony behind this is that the analysis is sponsored by Wal-Mart itself. In attempting to mend its reputation and reach out to critics Wal-Mart conducts gatherings and conferences in Washington D.C., despite this, Wal-Mart is evidently dragging down American living standards when they violate their employees’ rights. They do this when they pay poverty level wages and other benefits. Conversely, they argue that they have the lowest prici ng which is beneficial to consumers, particularly the poor while keeping the overall inflation checked. To alleviate this it is necessary that its workers form or join labor unions. There many advantages in these unions, some of these are better wages and benefits for its members, improved work conditions together with social networks providing financial, emotional and legislative hold up. The actual gain from a union though is the provision of another stronger voice in bargaining during contract formation. Keil, Stanley. Spector, Lee. The Impact of Wal-Mart on Income and  Unemployment Differentials in Alabama. Review of Regional Studies; Winter, 35 (3), 336-355. 2005. Print. Zieger, Robert, Gilbert, Gall. American Workers, American Unions: The  Twentieth Century. Maryland. John Hopkins University Press. 2002. Print.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Marketing - Essay Example Positioning strategies aims to ensure that an organization’s names pops up in the minds of consumers whenever services in their field of expertise are required. Differentiation strategies ensure that the products and services offered to the market are unique compared to those offered by their competitors. This gives an organization the edge over their competitors when battling for consumers in that particular market (Guidry, 2011). These strategies are implemented in a number of businesses, including hospitals and other health care facilities.   An example that can is used to showcase their use is the comparison between Bon Secours St. Mary's Hospital and HCA Henrico Doctor's Hospital that are both located in Richmond VA. Both of these hospitals function independently but are part of larger organizations that have other hospitals in the Richmond area and throughout the United States.   Though these two organizations essentially offer similar services to their clientele pos itioning and differentiation strategies are used to ensure that they stand out from their competitors as they strive to develop a better grasp on the region’s market. ... This hospital has created marketing strategies that have ensured its survival over the years most notably in this case positioning, and differentiation strategies. The differentiation strategies used by the hospital is seen in the types of services that it offers the clients who visit their premises. One service includes: Bon Secours for Women. This is an initiative launched by the hospital and aims to offer specialized healthcare services to the women who visit the hospital (Bon Secours Health System, Inc., 2012).   Bon Secours for Women deals with medical issues that solely affect women, such as giving birth and parenting issues that follow afterwards.   Classes and education is offered and presented to consumers on  breastfeeding, parenting  and management of any complication that may arise after the birthing process, such as the care of wounds for women who have had to undergo a Caesarian section. Though these services are offered by other hospitals as well, St. Mary's Ho spital has gone a step farther by setting it aside from the other medical services on offer, thus making the women who seek these services from their hospital believe that they are cared for and appreciated, unlike other healthcare facilities whereby these services are alligned with the rest of the medical care that they have to offer.   Bon Secours for Women  concentrates on a particular niche in the market, which is women, and their needs.   They aim their marketing toward women customers who prefer specialized care when dealing with any medical issues. Home care services are another specialized area for Bon Secours.   This is also another clever way of differentiating the hospital’s services from those offered by other

Compare a Middle School Science Curriculum In a State of Your Choice Essay

Compare a Middle School Science Curriculum In a State of Your Choice to New York City - Essay Example This essay declares that the strengths of the curriculum of Benjamin N. Cardozo in New York State is the focus on students being able to describe variations within a category, and so encourages an outlook that goes beyond a dichotic black and white perspective, and students learn that a category can have wide variation within it, sometime to a greater degree than when compared with another category. Also, the emphasis on the stages of development within the human body, as well as within other biological systems, reinforces the concept of processes within systems, that first one thing must occur for another to occur, and the importance of time in the process. Cleveland incorporates factors that influence the health and development of humans as well as other creatures, which makes the material more relevant and applicable to the students’ everyday lives. This article makes a conclusion that the weaknesses of each curriculum are quite similar. Firstly, there is a distinct lack of cross-cultural frames of reference, as students are not exposed to other approaches to experiencing and questioning the world besides that of empirical science, for example Native American frames of reference. This could encourage students to not accept and respect differences of interpretation, as well as inhibit understanding that different systems of thought are more applicable to particular circumstances.

Global Patterns of Earthquakes

Global Patterns of Earthquakes Achievement Standard Geography 91432: Analyse aspects of a geographic topic at a global scale. (Parshotam) Task 1: Describe the global pattern of earthquakes, including maps in your answer. An earthquake is defined by GNS Science, as a â€Å"sudden motion or trembling in the crust caused by the abrupt release of accumulated stress along a fault, a break in the Earth’s crust.†[1] As seen below from the map representing data between 2000 and 2008 there is a major peripheral pattern of ‘Global earthquake activity’ focused around the exterior of the earth’s tectonic plates. This is evident from the similarities in comparison to the second map below showing the ‘Global plate boundaries of the earth’.[2] These plate boundaries accurately follow the same shape, size and location of the thin red and bright multi-coloured linear outlining in the first, validating this claim. The most intense locations of earthquake activity are concentrated in a linear pattern in locations of the earth where continental plates interact with oceanic plates. This is illustrated by the multi-coloured bright regions indicating heavy earthquake activity of ranging depth in the earth’s crust in the Western regions of South America, the South East Asian islands, Japan, the far Eastern boarders of Russia, the South Western edges of Alaska, New Zealand and Central America. The information provided here is validated with background research ranking Japan, Indonesia and Chile as first, second and third in the world in terms of countries with the most 6.5+ magnitude earthquake events in 2014.[3] Japan accumulated 72 occurrences, Indonesia 52 and Chile 43. Other noteworthy countries include Papa New Guinea ranked 4th at 40, Mexico ranked 6th at 32, Alaska ranked 9th at 25, Peru ranked 10th at 23 Russia ranked 12th at 20 and New Zealand ranked 18th at 14; all countries included in the heavy earthquake activity regions. Also seen from the ‘Global earthquake activity’ map, there are scattered occurrences of shallow earthquake activity in the middle of the tectonic plates shown from the small distribution of red dots over E astern Africa for example. This is due to the global pattern of fault lines. The map seen on the next page shows the layout of earth’s major fault lines which explains this smaller scattered pattern of earthquake activity. The location of scatter follows the same alignment as the fault outlines on the ‘Major global fault lines’ map.[4] This is exemplified from the red scatter, on the â€Å"Global earthquake activity’ map, throughout Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya and South Sudan for example which corresponds with the fault line of the Central African Shear Zone fault system illustrated running through Eastern Africa. Task 2: Fully explain the factors and/or processes contributing to the global pattern of earthquakes. As defined by GSI Science earthquakes are releases of stress through the interaction of tectonic plates. These tectonic plates are compacted into a patchwork like arrangement to form the Earth’s lithosphere, its outer shell which is comprised of the crust and uppermost mantle (the individual layer of upper mantle which is closest to the surface of the earth). The plates are made up of several large plates being, the Eurasian plate, the North American plate, the African plate, South American plate, the Antarctic plate and the Pacific plate with a few other minor plates in between. Most plates range from 4 to 40 miles in width and consist of both continental crust and oceanic crust. Beneath the lithosphere of the Earth’s tectonic plates is a much hotter and softer layer, called the asthenosphere. A process occurs where due to the amount of pressure and extreme temperatures the rock of the asthenosphere is able to morph and therefore it moves and flows, creating convection currents from radiating hotspots centring from the inner earth which affect the movement of the plates, termed continental drift[5]. The diagram to the left illustrates the relation of levels which contribute to the movement of tectonic plates. This is very slow though, only up to 100mm per year. Due to the heat of the asthenosphere the lithosphere lying above is brittle and therefore susceptible to breaks in the form of faults. Earthquakes are created through three different forms of plate interaction: Convergence is one such interaction where two plates collide, and this region of meeting in the Earth’s crust is called a subduction zone or convergence boundary. When the two plates collide, one is forced to slowly scrape over, under or alongside the other. Resulting from the pressure of these movements, the crust gives way and a fault ruptures releasing an earthquake. During the collision of tectonic plates, the denser plate with more mass forces the lighter plate underneath it. This process is called subduction, hence subduction zone. The plate that is forced down is destroyed and is completely melted as it submerges into magma of the asthenosphere underneath the crust. This is how plate boundaries are altered over time. Volcanic activity is produced from subduction where, as the plate is forced down and melted due to the pressure and heat it turns into magma. Pockets of the magma created finds channels to the surface in the form of volcanoes. On December 26th 2004 an earth quake was generated off the coast of Sumatra when the India and Burma plate converged. The India plate was subducted and the India Ocean tsunami was triggered.[6] There are multiple situations where Convergence operates, where ocean crust interacts with oceanic crust, where oceanic crust interacts with continental crust and where continental crust interacts with continental crust seen in the following diagrams.[7] Seen from the diagram to the left where oceanic crust meets oceanic crust island arcs and deep marine trenched are formed which are examples of visible creases in the Earth’s crust as a result of subduction. Island arcs and oceanic trenches occur when both of the plates are made of oceanic crust. The Mariana Trench in Honolulu Hawaii is an example of a result from this process. Where continental crust meets continental crust spectacular mountain ranges are formed as both plates are too light to be sub ducted so the collision forces the crust upwards. The Himalayas mountain range and the Tibetan Plateau were results of this process when the Australian-India Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate north of India. Divergence is another type of plate interaction. This is a process where two plates separate from each other and a rift, a gap, is produced and widens eventually creating a rift valley, a larger linear rift. Divergent boundaries that occur between oceanic plates produce mid-oceanic ridges. In areas of rifts molten lava can rise and fill which cools reacting with the water and create new crust material, forming new landmasses potentially altering the landscape. Oceans can be formed when plates diverge and water fills the rift valley between the two land masses. This process is called sea floor spreading where the Red Sea exemplifies this process. Transformation is the third type of plate interaction which occurs when two plates slide past each other. From this movement the crust of both plates remains unchanged. However stress is stored in the plates from the friction of moving past and aggregates until the amount of stress surpasses the threshold. Energy is released suddenly in a shift of the plates in opposite directions relative to each other and an earthquake occurs. The earthquake impact is focused on an epicentre location. An example of this is the San Andreas Fault running through California resulting from the friction created from the Pacific Plate and North American. This fault is responsible for the linear pattern of red on the South West of Coast of the United States seen on the ‘Global earthquake activity’ map. As previously stated earthquakes are not only active on tectonic plate boundaries but also fault lines. Fault lines are created due to stresses in the earth’s crust and fractures occur where rock has been disturbed, which can range in length from metres or thousands of kilometres. Fault lines are considered active â€Å"if a fault shows evidence of having moved at least once in the past 100,000 years.†[8] With this the fault is hazardous and a risk of earthquake activity. Once a fault line has been formed future earthquakes are conducted along it. With the exception of earthquakes which take place at a depth of 600km+ all earthquakes are channelled along fault lines. Spectacular mountain ranges such as the Southern Alps can be created also as a result of this process where thousands or millions of years of repeated earthquake activity along one major fault line, the Alpine Fault, build up into extreme dislocations of crust. Different to the earthquake activity generated along plate boundaries seismic waves are produced along fault lines through the rapid interaction of the opposing parallel crust.[9] A process is a sequence of related actions which modify or maintain an environment. There are several processes which crust along fault lines carry out to generate seismic waves and subsequent earthquake activity.[10] [11] Where the two crusts of a fault line are being pulled apart the interaction is termed ‘Normal faulting’. In this situation the hanging wall, which is the crust positioned higher shifts downward, lower than the footwall, the crust which is initially positioned lower. ‘Reverse faulting’ occurs on horizontal ground when the two crusts are instead being compressed together resulting in the hanging wall shifting upwards, over the footwall. Where reverse faulting occurs on sloped land, it is known as thrust faulting. Crusts on ‘Strike slip’ faults shift sideways, laterally past to each other. This type of faulting is unique in comparison to Normal and Reverse as there are no hanging walls or footwalls due to this being on a strike, horizontal ground, instead of a dip so the fault is on vertical ground. All three types of fault processes can be seen in an ‘Oblique slip’ where a combination of these shifts occurs. Strike slips are both right lateral and left lateral. Task 3: Explain in detail and evaluate the social and economic significance for people affected by earthquakes. Over time, earthquakes have had a range of impacts on the cultural and natural landscape of the world with both positive and negative consequences. The people most affected by these impacts are the people living in the countries which lie on the plate boundaries and fault lines. New Zealand’s natural landscape has been largely affected by earthquakes and is a prime example to showcase the long term results. Beautiful scenery such, as the Southern Alps, can be created and be of great economic significance for a country by contributing to the tourism industry as a popular feature. This is specifically seen in Queenstown, a location with much mountainous relief where snow sports like snowboarding and skiing is available and popular. Where these spectacles are created they can be of major significance to the country as this is a long term effect which has the potential to earn large amounts of income for the country’s GDP and be a permanent anchor for the tourism industry which it has proven to be in New Zealand. This effect is beneficial socially also as mountains such as these are available for use for the world to enjoy, however only the countries which the mountains are in will prosper economically. Earthquakes are also capable of causing large scale death and injuries when occurring in an region of high population density. This was demonstrated by the 2010 earthquake in Haiti on January 12th where there were over 300,000 people injured and an estimated 220,000 casualties.[12] Depending on the magnitude of the earthquake and the location of where it happened to be able to cause the necessary destruction in order for such wide spread death and injury to occur. But when the full effects of an earthquake are felt the social impacts are extreme, seen in the figures previously mentioned. This is a long term effect as the pain suffered from losing a loved one will stay with the victims of the earthquake for the rest of their lives. The physical pain endured can also be intense when the case is severe so because of this the victims will be much more affected by death and injury than the other people of the world in unaffected countries. I believe this effect to have greater significanc e over that of a hindered economy where as the statistics have shown, regions can improve their economy and standard of living in a reasonably short time and the effects will be reversed, however death and serious injury such as amputation can never be reversed. Earthquakes have proven to also be detrimental to the economy of the country affected by destroying valuable exports or urban features and environments which cost to be rebuilt and replaced. An example of this effect is seen where as a result of the demolition of the February 2011 earthquake in Christchurch the New Zealand economy shrunk by an estimated 6%-8% which â€Å"is equivalent to the economic impact from severe recession.†[13] It is also noted that, coupled with the economic impacts of the September 2010 earthquake the fall in New Zealand’s GDP was around 8%-11%.Similar to the effect of death and injury this impact focuses mainly on the people living in the affected country. It varies in terms of being a major impact or not seen in the paragraph below it can be short term and is possible to reverse if the economy is strong enough to be resilient. From the effects a recession as the economic consequences were compared to, there will be falls in employment, dispos able income and savings etc. but this also depends on the magnitude of the earthquake and the harshness of the destruction. Surely economies can be crippled as a result of the destruction of an earthquake, which Christchurch’s was not and therefore it did not remain at that level of severity due to redevelopment. It can be a major impact to the extent of death and injury but in more economically developed countries it is not. As previously mentioned strong earthquakes which occur in dense urban areas, like cities, wreak much destruction where the seismic waves generated are able to collapse the buildings and infrastructure. This is exemplified from the results of the Haiti earthquake where â€Å"over 188,383 houses were badly damaged and 105,000 were destroyed.†12 Mental and emotional damages such as trauma, fear of another earthquake and the stress of rebuilding and carrying on with life ensue as consequentially1.5 million people were left without a home. This meant many families were faced with the struggle to survive and eventual relocation of their lives. This with the additional loss of incomes for people who lost their business and places of work and hindered of opportunity for kid’s education, where it is recorded 4000 schools were destroyed or damaged, shows earthquake pose as severe threats to the social wellbeing of the world. This impact is major also and again limited to the vict ims of the event. People’s livelihoods are being endangered and therefore this effect is as serious as death and injury. Homelessness, job losses, lack of education are all risking the futures of the victims where it is a possibility, if the earthquake occurred in an less economically developed country the economy may not be as resilient as that of an more economically developed country. People in LEDC’s are more vulnerable to fall into poverty after a major earthquake. Redevelopment, however, is a beneficial economic effect that earthquakes can make. Multiple factors of a city or country’s economy can be positively impacted such as the availability of new job opportunities. This is as workers will be employed to clean up and clear the debris and rubble from the left over destruction and construction/development firms will be in heavy demand in order to rebuild the damaged and levelled areas. Where employment rises there will be an increased demand for goods and services as more households are willing and able. From this more income can be taxed tax giving the government revenue and ability to aid in the redevelopment and expand the economy which is seen as $16 billion has been generated as a result of Christchurch’s redevelopment increasing New Zealand’s Real GDP. The economic growth made possible by earthquake redevelopment is validated by the statistic that 9 months after the February earthquake the Christchurch economy was g rowing between 1-3% every 3 months, more than the national economy growth. Rejuvenation of an economy is positive and major impact. As seen in Christchurch it can lift a city and it’s people out of despair and it will soon be restored as a major New Zealand city. However as mentioned before redevelopment has varying levels of success and is not as effective in some cases as others. Along with economic growth, resulting from mass redevelopment, locations affected by earthquake activity can become more modern and beautiful which will in turn attract high levels of population, increasing population density and again employment. Landmarks of historical significance can be lost as a result of earthquakes such as bridges of churches. This loss can cause much grief to those who valued the landmark’s significance and it can also be detrimental to the location’s sense of identity as such features can play a large factor in the region’s history and significance as a place. An example of this is Christchurch’s cathedral which was more than a century old, built in the second half of the 19th century was damaged beyond safety and therefore was demolished. This is not a major impact when considering the horrific possibilities of widespread poverty and mass death. Also to some history may not be as important as it is to others and if the landmark is not a key point in the country’s GDP, loss of it will not create serious negative economic consequences. This however is long term as history can never be rebuilt or recreated entirely. [1] http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Earthquakes-at-a-Plate-Boundary [2] http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/evolving_earth/evolving_earth.html [3] http://www.world-earthquakes.com/index.php?option=ethq_statistics [4] http://www.gsi.ie/Education/Geology+for+Everyone/Plate+Tectonics.htm [5] https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Asthenosphere.html [6] http://www.gsi.ie/Education/Geology+for+Everyone/Plate+Tectonics.htm [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundary [8] http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Earthquakes-and-Faults/When-is-a-Fault-Active [9] http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Earthquakes-and-Faults [10] http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Earthquakes-and-Faults/Different-types-of-Faults [11] http://geology.about.com/library/bl/blnutshell_fault-type.htm [12] http://www.dec.org.uk/haiti-earthquake-facts-and-figures [13] http://ccdu.govt.nz/faq/economy

Domestic vs International Trade

Domestic Vs International Trade Mohammad Tariqul Islam Domestic Trade: Trade among parties in the same country. Domestic trade is the exchange of goods, services, or both within the confines of a national territory. They are always aimed at a single market. It always deal with only one set of competitive, economic, and market issues. The trading is always with a single set of customers all the time, though the company may have several segments in a market. Finally local trade or home trade or Domestic trade may be sub-divided into Wholesale trade, and Retail trade.International Trade: Trade among parties residing in different countries. International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in rece nt centuries. Some difference between International trade and local or domestic tradeInternational trade is in principle not different from  domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as  tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture.Another difference between domestic and international trade is that  factors of production  such as capital and  labour  are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of production. Advantages and Disadvantages of international Trade Advantage of international trade †¢ Monetary gains to the respective country indulging in trade. †¢ More variety of goods available for consumers. †¢ Better quality of goods. Competition both at the international level as well as local level. †¢ Closer  ties  between nations. †¢ More exchange of technical know-how. †¢ Local producers will try to improve the quality of their products. †¢ Increase in  employment  locally. Disadvantage of international trade †¢ Local production may suffer †¢ Local industries may be overshadowed by their international competitors †¢ Rich countries may influence political matters in other countries and gain control over weaker nations. †¢ Ideological differences may emerge between nations with regard to the procedures in trade practices. Read also Recording General Fund Operating Budget and Operating TransactionsInternational trade is beneficial to world economy. It adds to the money coffers of the world at large. Every country can benefit monetarily if it is able to dispose off its surplus goods after meeting the requirements of the local people. Key differences: †¢ International trade is, in principle, not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. †¢ The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade.The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture. †¢ Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are ty pically more mobile within a country than across countries. †¢ Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of production.Trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. †¢ Within a country labour and capital moves freely to get maximum returns. These factors of production do not move with such freedom among different countries due to differences in culture, climate, language, customs and political restrictions imposed by regulatory authorities. This immobility gives rise to wage and interest differentials among countries. †¢ Different currency system introduces additional cost and risk in international trade as the value of currencies is constantly subject to variations. As long distances involved transport costs for international transactions are higher than for domestic trades. Home trade is called domestic trade in some countries. These are the differences as seen by me. 1. For home trades, payments could be made in home currency only. Foreign trades are to be paid invariably in convertible currencies. 2. Home trades generally have no restrictions of movement within the country. In international trade, there are restrictions as to movement of specific goods to specified countries. 3. Home trades have taxes levied by the Government and local bodies.International trades have levies called customs duties. These invariably go to the Federal Government. 4. Documents for domestic trades are comparatively simple and easy to understand and follow. Foreign trades have a different set of documents which must be filed in every case. 5. Insurance of consignments sent on foreign trade are compulsory; in home trade it is optional. 6. Usually, foreign trades are preceded by payment or promises of payment made by international foreign exchange traders (also called Letters of Credit. In domestic trades, payments a re realised usually after the trade is executed. Depending on the credit rating of the parties concerned, even a simple promise is not taken. Letters of Credit in domestic trades is not common but not ruled out. 7. Credibility of parties can be got verified in foreign trades through the trade representatives of the countries involved in the transaction. 8. On receipt of consignment at a foreign country, the documents are handed over to the buyers only after payment is realised.Thereafter, the Banks concerned remit the payments to the sellers through normal international banking channels. In respect of domestic trades, bankers may or may not be the intermediaries. Payments can be directly sent to the sellers by the buying party. 9. Under the United Nation's charter, goods prohibited for specific countries cannot be sent to them by member countries. Penalties extending to boycott of trade with that country may follow. In domestic trades, such prohibitions do not exist. (Example: selli ng atomic energy raw materials to Iran, Iraq etc. 10. International trades are further government by agreements between member countries of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Domestic or home trades are not subject to such agreements. An international business is a business whose activities are carried out across national borders. This differs from a domestic business because a domestic business is a business whose activities are carried out within the borders of its geographical location. A domestic company is one that confines its activities to the local market, be it city, state, or the ountry it is in. It deals, generally, with one currency, local customs and cultures, business laws of commerce, taxes and products and services of a local nature. The international company, on the other hand deals with businesses and governments in one or more foreign countries and is subject to treaties, tariffs. currency rates of exchange, politics, cultural differences, taxes, fees, and pe nalties of each country it is doing business in. It may also be conducting business in it's home country, but the emphasis is on trading in the international marketplace.Differences between Domestic and International Trade International Trade: The exchange of goods and services between countries is called International Trade. Inter-Regional Trade: The exchange of goods and services with in a country is called Inter-regional Trade. Differences between International and Inter-regional Trade and need for a separate theory: A number of things which make difference between international and inter-regional are given as under. We can understand from these reasons that it gives rise to a separate theory of international trade. . Factor Mobility: Labour and capital as factor of production do not move freely from one country to another country as they do with in the same country. Thus labour and capital are regarded as immobile between countries while they are perfectly mobile within a countr y. Adam Smith said â€Å"Man is of all forms of luggage, the most difficult to transport†. Differences in cost of production can not be removed by moving and money. The result is the movement of goods. On the contrary between regions with in the same olitical boundaries, people distribute themselves more or less according to the opportunities. Real wages and standard of living tend to seek a common level though they are not wholly uniform as between national these differences continue to persist and check population movements. Capital also does not move freely from one country to another country. 2. Different Currencies: Each country has a different currency. Buying and selling between nations give rise to complications absent in internal trade. This hampers smooth flow of trade as between one country and another country.A large number of foreign exchange problems arise in number of foreign trade which are non-existent in inter-regional trade. 3. Different National Policies: Different needs lead countries to pursue divergent national policies and not only with respect to foreign exchange rates. National Policies differ in a wide matter of domestic matters affecting international economic relations, wages, prices, competition, investment, business regulation etc and often involve interference directly in international economic intercourse in tarrifs, exchange controls, non-tarrif barriers and the like. . Different Political Circumstances: Mostly countries differ in political circumstances. In inter-regional trade, trade takes place among same people. But international trade takes place among people of different cultures, habits and languages. These cultural distinctions between markets, important in the absence of different national measures have led political scientists to take look at the nature of countries. 5. Difference in National Resources: Different countries are endowed with different type of natural resources.They tend to specialise, in the pro duction of those commodities in which they are richly endowed and trade them with others where such resources are scare. 6. Geographical and climatic differences: Every country cannot produce and commodities due to geographical and climatic conditions, except at possibly prohibitive costs. Countries having climatic and geographical advantage specialise in the production of particular commodities and trade them with others. 7. Different Markets: International markets are different in various aspects.Even the system of weights and measures and pattern and styles in machinery and equipment differ from country to country. Goods which are traded within regions may not sold in other countries. This is why in great many cases products to be sold in foreign countries are especially designed to confirm to the national characteristics of that country. 8. Problem of Balance of Payments: The problem of balance of payments is perpetual in international trade while regions with in a country have no such problem. 9. Restrictions on Trade: Trade between different countries is not free.There are restrictions imposed by custom duties, exchange restrictions, fixed quotas or other tarrif barriers. 10. Ignorance: Differences in culture, language and religion stand in the way of free communication between different countries. In inter-regional trade labour and capital freely moves about. These factors too make internal trade different from international trade. 11. Transport and Insurance Costs: The cost of transport and insurance also check the free international trade. The greater the distance between the two countries the greater the cost and insurances.

Different reasons why people communicate Essay

1.1 Identify the different reasons why people communicate Communication and relationships represent one of the most important characteristics of working with others, adults and children. There are a variety of reasons why people communicate, mainly: -Building relationships: the first thing that will happen when I first meet a new child, parent, colleagues, is some form of communication. This might be a smile, wave or a linguistic form of salutation. By those first form of communication I begin to build a relationship. -Maintaining relationship: I keep building relationships with children and adults to create a trusting relationship. -Gaining and sharing information: I need to gain and share info in work non only with children and their families, but also with colleagues and managers. This will help in the way that I work and problem solving -Expressing needs and feelings: we as human beings all need to express our needs and feelings and also be there to allow children to do the same. 1.2 Explain how communication affects relationship in the work setting it is essential to establish good relationships with all the people I daily deal with. Good communication skills are related to strong relationship with children, parents, colleagues and other adults. We need to communicate to share and gain information, like routine info about how a child is feeling, play interests or health and welfare. Communication is fundamental to gain parents confidence and trust in us and make them feeling comfortable with us. It’s hard but necessary to be able to quickly find ways of communicating with them and building relationship, for example in a settling in context. A good quality of communication, then, allow a child to feel relaxed and play and learn more effectively. When I can communicate effectively I’ll help to build vocabulary to allow expressing themselves. Communication it’s furthermore important in the case of a child transition to  another classroom or school: the main aim is trying to pass all the info related to the child so to allow other people to build relationship as quickly as possible. Communication, finally, is essential to my relationship with all my colleagues, to work well together it is essential to communicate in a strong and professional way. 2.2 Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication To promote effective communication it is essential to choose which communication method to use and the right style of communication: face to face interaction, phone conversation, sign language, written communication (emails, reports), gesture, picture of children in action. It’s useful to consider the environment in which the communication happen to be: it’s better to communicate with adults in a quiet place or create a cosy and homely place to establish relationship with children. Another important factor is represented by the distance between me and the person I’m communicating with. Being very close to a child can be very useful but not as much as if I don’t know the child of if he/she is shy. Posture is important as well (e.g. standing at the same level of a child while communicating with him). 3.1 Explain why people from different backgrounds may use  and/or interpret communication methods in different ways. When people share more or less the same cultural background and the more or less the same experiences, they interpret things in a similar way and this make communication much easier and avoid misunderstandings. This is easy and happen naturally in a family context, but normally the people I daily communicate with comes from a different culture, background and linguistic knowledge. In my Italian culture e.g. it’s important and natural to associate verbal communication with gesture, or in the Chinese culture eye contact is interpreted differently. We build our way of communicating by learning from our parents or family background so mine is culturally far from an English speaking family and far from a bilingual speaking family e.g.. this means that I have to be careful and cannot take for granted that my viewpoint of style of communication will always be effective. It’s important to consider different backgrounds, beliefs and individual values  and respect them so to develop the confidence to express themselves freely and make choices. 3.2/3.3 Identify barriers to effective communication and the ways you would overcome these. Language difficulties: different mother tongue represent an important barrier to effective communication, both in oral or written form. I personally try to study English every day and to learn how to communicate effectively in this language. I’m very interested in different culture and always try to learn some word of the other language a child can speak or being able to understand (French, Spanish, Japanese e.g.) Inappropriate method of communication: difficulties in choosing appropriate words or language, inappropriate style or tone, illegibly writing, choosing to write a letter instead of having a word†¦ I think it’s very important to consider each and every situation and the kind of relationship I might have with the people I’m dealing with so to choose the best method of communicate and make it effective. All the barriers related to the transfer of communication: background noise, unreceived mails†¦I make sure that the passage of a message to another adult or child is done in an effective way, checking feedbacks and if one of those condition  are  present: hearing impairment; visual impairment; disability/learning difficulties. 3.4 Demonstrate strategies  misunderstandings  that  can  be  used  to  clarify  paraphrasing and reflecting to check understanding; apologizing; simplifying language. 3.5 Explain how to access to extra support or services below to enable individuals to communicate effectively (translation  services, interpreting services, speech and language services, advocacy services) There are a number of services that can be accessed to support communication, including: Interpreters or Translators when we need to support foreigners; Signers to support deaf people; Advocators. These services can be utilized by educational and health services through a booking system. Local authorities also have access to a team of specialists, such as Speech and Language therapists. Support can also be found on the internet through various specialist websites, including The British Deaf Society and The National Blind Children’s Society. Information on how to access to help can be found on internet, but also in clinics and libraries. There is also a range of specialist equipment, like induction loops, Braille embossers and printers. As a nursery assistant, if I feel that a child is in need of extra support, I will refer him/her to my manager. Having explained my concerns, she may choose to observe the child herself. If she felt it was necessary she would then book any support services that may be required. 4.1 Explain the meaning of the term confidentiality Confidentiality means not sharing information about people without their knowledge and agreement, and ensuring that written and electronic information cannot be accessed or read by people who have no reason to see it (using a password protected computer which is only accessed by named staff members and viewed by appropriate officials like Ofsted and parents). So, you cannot tell anyone what you’ve been told by a teacher, a student or a parent unless you have their permission, knowledge or if you think that the child is going to be in danger.  Confidentiality includes respecting other people’s rights and keeping safe the information that they have provided. In such a workplace as a Nursery it is easy to come to know personal things we are not supposed to. For example, a child may tell us something private, not understanding we should not know it. It is our duty to keep the information for ourselves. However, in the setting there is a Policy about the privacy which is to be read and signed by all members of staff and, of course, respected too. 4.3 Describe the potential tension between maintaining an individual’s confidentiality and disclosing concerns While parents and children have the right to confidentiality there are occasion when the need to maintain confidentiality might be breached. If I have concerns that a child is being abused, I must disclose this information to the Manager, unless I think that by disclosing the information I will put the child in further danger. Being it very hard to work out such a decision, sharing the concerns with a trusted colleague could help a lot. In case the Manager doesn’t see any abuse where I clearly see it, I will continue to keep an eye on the child I think has been abused and whenever I feel the child is in significant danger, I will report immediately to the Manager again and, in case of necessity, to the owner of the setting. UNIT 068 1.1 Explain each of the terms: speech; language; communication; speech,  language and communication needs Speech is the vocalized form of human communication, based upon the syntactic combination of lexical and names that are drawn from very large vocabularies. Each spoken word is created out of the phonetic combination of a limited set of vowel and consonant speech sound units. These vocabularies differ creating the existence of many thousands of different types of languages. Most human speakers are able to communicate in two or more of them. The vocal abilities that enable humans to produce speech also  provide humans with the ability to sing. A gestural form of human communication exists for the deaf in the form of sign language. Speech in some cultures has become the basis of a written language. Language is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, and a language is any specific example of such a system. In addition to its strictly communicative uses, language also has many social and cultural uses, such as signifying group identity, social stratification, as well as for social grooming and entertainment. Communication is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behavior. It is the meaningful exchange of information between two or a group of living creatures. Communication may be intentional or unintentional, may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or non-linguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes. Speech, language and communication needs it’s a term used to refer to any difficulty that a child has in any of the three areas, e.g. difficulty in producing certain sounds (speech). 1.2 Explain how speech, language and communication skills support each of the following areas in children’s development: learning; emotional; behaviour; social. Speech, language and communication skills support: learning development because they help a child to understand what is being seen or provide a way for the child to communicate what he/she has seen. Babies use sounds and  facial expressions to communicate needs and express themselves. Toddlers use words and gestures to make connections and develop their knowledge and understanding. Pre-school children ask questions and make sense of the responses, they use words to express their ideas and develop their understanding; they support emotional development because controlling emotions is a large part of emotional development and if children become frustrated, angry or jealous and can’t communicate their feelings they may have a tantrum. But as their skills develop they can name their emotions and find other ways of expressing them, so babies use sounds and facial expressions to develop an attachment and relationship with their main carers, toddlers use words and body language to express their feelings and preschool children use speech and language to express their feelings and exert their independence; they support behaviour because once a child understands language they can begin to understand the consequences of their actions and start to think things through, becoming less impulsive and they support social development as children can start to recognise how others feel by watching their body language and listening to what they say and learn to adjust their behaviour accordingly. Children also start to understand social codes and how to behave appropriately. So, babies use sounds and facial expressions in responding to adult interactions, toddlers use words and gestures to interact with others and pre-school children use speech and language to interact with others and develop friendships. 1.3 Describe the potential impact of speech, language and communication difficulties on the development of a child, both currently and in the longer term.  Such difficulties may have an impact on a child overall development both currently and in  longer term. Currently, because a child may not follow the expected pattern of development for communication finding it difficult to communicate with carers and peers and causing him to become frustrated and show negative behaviour, anger, lack of confidence, find it difficult to form  relationships, to learn process and apply new information and find it hard to be understood by others. The children may have social problems struggling to communicate with peers leading them to avoid joining in with certain activities or leading them to play on their own affecting their social development. In the long term it can cause continued communication problems, low self-esteem, reduced life chances, finding it hard to make and maintain relationships, feeling isolated and excluded, not being able to be independent, develop antisocial behaviour. It is surely very important to be able as a carer to recognize as early as possible the presence of symptoms of such difficulties in order to intervene promptly and give more chances to the child. 2.1 Explain the ways in which adults can effectively support and extend the speech, language and communication development of children during the early years: – the words and levels of language adults use with children (including the use of questions) One of the skills to acquire is to quickly work out the level of language we need to use with children and also the style we need to adopt. Adults seem automatically to be able to change the structure of their language when working with babies in order to simplify it, this seems to be particularly important so that babies can focus on the key words in a sentence and so begin to associate these words with meaning. Questions play an important part in stimulating and extending children’s speech, they can show children that we are interested in what they are doing or thinking. Rhetorical questions are useful when working with babies and toddler, but are not helpful with children who already have speech as they simply deny children the opportunity to answer. – informations and activities used Planning activities or using books will prompt children speech, although it is always important for adults to build on children’s existing interests as well as providing new things for them. – their conversations/interaction with children  children who have speech need time to chat to adults, most children like to  be doing something or have something to show the adult for the conversation to take place. This often require the adult to sit down at their level. Good conversation do not work when the adult is moving and cannot make eye contact or is distracted. For babies and toddlers early interaction is often playful, including songs and rhymes. – work with parents/carers Parents/careres often have a strong relationship with their children and they’re able to tune into them and adapt their language. This means that parents have the potential to be brilliant language partners for their children, where a child has a specific speech and language need, both setting and parents will need to work together with a speech and language therapist. 2.2 Explain the relevant positive effects of adult support for the children and their carers: – speech, language and communication skills Children can show progress in their speech, language and communication skills if high quality support is given, working with them can be very rewarding and parents are often delight by the improvement that their children are showing. – social interaction positive support can make a child more outgoing ans also confident in their interactions. Once children have more speech and language they are able to play more easily with other children. – behaviour  many children who are finding it difficult to communicate and speak will show aggressive, uncooperative and frustrated behaviour. Being able to communicate effectively can make and enormous difference to children’s behaviour. – emotional development/self confidence positive aldult support also helps children’s emotional development. Not only do children become more confident, they also find through words ways of controlling their emotions and expressing their needs. 2.3 Explain how levels of speech and language development vary between children entering early years provision and need to be taken into account during settling in and planning. Every child is unique. It is obvious then that when they enter the nursery they will not be at the same level of development, not necessarily at least. We all know that some children start to speak at the age of 12 month while others will walk at 9 months, but others may take longer to start doing both activities. It is very important to help children settle in since their learning opportunities are amplified when children are confident, happy, motivated, engaged and supported in their play and exploration. For these reasons planning for children’s needs is a requirement of each setting and is an effective way to support children’s developing communication, speech and language needs. To help children settle in we need to take into account how much stimulation and encouragement they have experienced, what is their first language spoken at home, if there are any individual speech, language or communication needs/difficulties/gaps. That is why when entering the setting all parents are asked to fill in a form for their child where they have the opportunity to give us information about their child’s needs and requirements. To help a child settle in, it is also very important to be aware of his/her self-confidence, self-esteem, ability to settle. Moreover, facilitating communication between children helps with understanding each other, forming positive relationships, and demonstrates ways each can utilise negotiation and conflict resolution by waiting, listening and expression. 4.1 Explain the importance of the environment in supporting speech, language and communication development Communication friendly spaces are essential to help children develop their speech and language and these spaces should be made available both indoors and outdoors. Such spaces should be ideated thinking to reduce noise and distractions to a minimum otherwise the children cannot concentrate (for example the book area). The area should have sunlight to maximise the use of light and enable young babies or toddlers to see your face and how we use facial expression (particularly important if you have a child with an  hearing impairment or while working with babies that do not speak yet so that are not able to use language to communicate). You should consider the impact of the colour to reflect on a child’s emotions, a good colour is yellow since this colour is recognised faster than any other colour, evokes spontaneity, is joyful, optimistic, warm and signifies communication. Our rooms have a different colour each one and one has, as a dominant colour, red and I find it a bit ove rwhelming, while the other two rooms are light blue and light grey and you feel more relaxed in them. In the book corner we have a nice shelf with different age/stage books in; we also have some very nice musical stories that come with books with illustrations and that children really love a lot. We then have a soft box where we keep soft toys and puppets we use for singing time and to mime. All these materials are always kept at children’s keep so they can help themselves, this enables the area to be inviting for the children.